Ragas

A raga is not simply a scale. It is a melodic personality: a chosen set of notes, but also the phrases, the movement between notes, and the ornaments — gamaka — that make it recognisable. Two ragas can share exactly the same notes and still sound completely different.

Notes: arohana and avarohana

A raga is outlined by its ascent, arohana, and its descent, avarohana. These may use the same seven notes both ways, fewer notes, or even different notes going up and coming down. A curved, non-straight line is called vakra.

Melakarta and janya

The modern Melakarta system offers 72 parent scales for classifying ragas. A raga whose framework uses the same seven svara forms in a straight ascent and descent may itself be a melakarta; most ragas are janya — "derived" — taking a subset of notes, a curved path, or including a note outside the assigned parent. See The 72 Melakarta scales for the parent scales.

Gamaka: the life of the notes

Gamaka is the oscillation, slide and shake applied to notes. In Carnatic music it is not decoration added to a scale — it is part of a raga's identity. A scale alone does not capture a raga's full character: characteristic phrases, emphasis and gamaka also matter.

How to read a raga page

Start with the arohana and avarohana, using the svara key when needed. The parent-scale pages explain the note framework; the fuller raga descriptions add characteristic movement and compositions.

Related: Raga · Arohana · Avarohana · Melakarta · Janya raga · Svara